DNS - Domain Name System

Resolves hostnames and fully qualified domain names (FQDNs) to IP addresses.

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• Ports
• DNS Server Software
  • Lab DNS - Create FQDNs with embedded IP addresses
• Public DNS Servers for Clients
• PiHole - DNS blocks Ads
• Misc
• Linux Packages for DNS Clients
• DNSmasq on macOS
• DNSMasq on RHEL7
• DDNS - Dynamic DNS

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Ports

TCP / UDP	Port	Description
UDP	53	- DNS client requests<br/>- DNS server replies
TCP	53	- Dynamic DNS<br/>- Zone transfers between DNS servers for replication

DNS Server Software

• ISC Bind - the classic unix DNS - still runs most of the internet
• DjbDNS / TinyDNS - smaller faster DNS server
• DNSmasq - simple, serves /etc/hosts as DNS records
  • good for local labs or small local networks
• InfoBlox - enterprise DDI (DNS, DHCP, IPAM - IP Address Management) and threat protection - see infoblox.md TODO

Lab DNS - Create FQDNs with embedded IP addresses

https://sslip.io/ - maps anything <anything>[.-]<IP Address>.sslip.io in either 'dot' or 'dash' notation to the embedded IP address.

https://nip.io - maps <anything>[.-]<IP Address>.nip.io in either 'dot' or 'dash' notation to the embedded IP address.

Commonly used for labs and demos where you need to put hostnames / FQDNs in software configuration instead of IP addresses.

Public DNS Servers for Clients

Public DNS servers available for clients to use:

• 1.1.1.1 - Cloudflare - privacy first DNS
• 8.8.8.8 - Google DNS servers (as if they don't track you enough)
• 8.8.4.4 - Google DNS servers
• 208.67.222.222 - OpenDNS
• 208.67.220.220 - OpenDNS

PiHole - DNS blocks Ads

https://pi-hole.net/

Misc

TSIG key - shared key for one-way hash auth for DDNS and zone transfers

DNS Security - see security.md

Linux Packages for DNS Clients

Contains the host and dig commands:

sudo yum install -y bind-utils

DNSmasq on macOS

brew install dnsmasq

To configure dnsmasq, copy the example configuration to /usr/local/etc/dnsmasq.conf and edit.

cp /usr/local/opt/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.conf.example /usr/local/etc/dnsmasq.conf

vim /usr/local/etc/dnsmasq.conf

Sample config I used to use in labs to only serve local VirtualBox VMs - only listens on vboxnet0 interface and contains *.local lookups:

local=/dev/
local=/local/
local=/localdomain/
local=//
interface=vboxnet0
bind-interfaces

To have launchd start dnsmasq at startup:

sudo cp -fv /usr/local/opt/dnsmasq/*.plist /Library/LaunchDaemons

Then to load dnsmasq now:

sudo launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/homebrew.mxcl.dnsmasq.plist

DNSMasq on RHEL7

sudo yum install -y dnsmasq

dnsmasq --test

sudo systemctl enable dnsmasq

sudo systemctl start dnsmasq

Test DHCP response:

sudo yum install -y dhcping

sudo dhcping -s localhost

DDNS - Dynamic DNS

Requires TCP port 53

http://www.semicomplete.com/articles/dynamic-dns-with-dhcp/

http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/591

nsupdate -v -k /etc/bind/admin-updater.key

> update delete www.example.com cname
> send

> update add www1.example.com 86400 a 172.16.1.1
> update add www.example.com 600 cname www1.example.com.
> send

Ported from private Knowledge Base page 2010+ - should have had notes going back to 2003 but young guys don't document enough