--- title: "_action: Declarative Event Handlers in an Attribute" published: true description: Introducing _action, a tiny event-delegation layer, and comparing it with HTML Traits and web components. tags: - progressiveenhancement - webcomponents - html - javascript # cover_image: https://direct_url_to_image.jpg # Use a ratio of 100:42 for best results. # published_at: 2026-06-25 04:04 +0000 --- ## Introduction In [HTML Traits](/html-traits/) I went looking for a cleaner way to attach behavior to an element than wrapping it in a custom element. Traits got me most of the way there: composition over inheritance, multiple behaviors per element, no wrapper soup. But once I started building real pages I noticed that the *majority* of the behavior I wanted wasn't really a "component" at all. It was just: *when this changes, submit the form*. Or: *when this form submits, reset it*. Reaching for a class with a constructor and a lifecycle to express "call this function on change" felt like too much ceremony. So I wrote something even smaller. It lives in [`_action.ts`](https://github.com/jon49/jon49-web/blob/master/lib/_action.ts) and the whole thing is about 60 lines. Instead of defining a behavior and registering it, you name a function and bind it to an event with an attribute: ```html ``` When anything inside that form fires a `change` event, the function named `submit` runs. That's it. No custom element, no trait definition, no wrapper. ## How it works There is a single set of delegated listeners on the document: ```js for (let event of ["click", "change", "submit"]) { doc.addEventListener(event, e => { let target = e.target let action = findAttr(target, event) if (!action) return handleCall(e, target, action) }) } ``` That `["click", "change", "submit"]` list isn't special — it's just the set this app happens to use. The mechanism works for **any bubbling event**, so if you want `input`, `keydown`, `focusout`, or a custom event of your own, you add its name to the list and you immediately get a matching `_input` / `_keydown` / `_focusout` attribute to bind against. Nothing else changes. For each event type it walks up from the target with `closest(`[_${event}]`)` to find the nearest `_click` / `_change` / `_submit` attribute, with a fallback to the element's owning `form`. The attribute's value is a space-separated list of function names that live on `window.app`, and each one is called with a small context object: ```js fn.call(null, { app: w.app, ev: e, target, el: target, form }) ``` Because the listener is delegated at the document, it works for elements that were swapped in later (this app morphs HTML in from the server), and because the value can hold several names you get composition for free: ```html ``` Registering a handler is just hanging a function off `window.app`: ```js Object.assign(window.app, { reset: ({ form }) => form?.reset(), clearAutoFocus: ({ target }) => target.removeAttribute("autofocus"), }) ``` There is also a `_load` attribute, handled separately, for the "run this once when the element appears" case. It fires on page load and again on `hz:completed` (after server HTML is morphed in), then removes itself so it only runs once per element: > The `hz:completed` event comes from > [htmz-be](https://github.com/jon49/htmz-be), a small library I wrote for > morphing server HTML into the page. It was inspired by > [htmz](https://github.com/Kalabasa/htmz) and > [Datastar](https://github.com/starfederation/datastar). It dispatches > `hz:completed` after a swap, which is the hook `_action` uses to re-run > `_load` handlers on freshly inserted elements. ```js function handleLoad() { for (let el of doc.querySelectorAll("[_load]")) { let action = el.getAttribute("_load") handleCall(new Event("load"), el, action) el.removeAttribute("_load") } } ``` ## Most of the time it's this simple In the soccer app the overwhelming majority of interactivity is a one-liner attribute. Auto-submit a settings form as you edit it: ```html ``` None of these needed a component, a lifecycle, or a definition. The function is named, the attribute points at it, done. ## When it gets more involved: the game timer The interesting case is the live game timer. A `` that ticks up every second, can flash, can be paused (static), and ticks for several elements at once on the page. Here `_action` is just the *entry point* — the `_load` attribute instantiates a real class: ```html 00:00 ``` ```js window.app.gameTimer = ({ el }) => { if (el._) return // guard against double-init el._ = true new GameTimer(el) } ``` The `GameTimer` class then does everything a stateful component does — but notice it has to *assemble its own lifecycle* out of parts: ```js class GameTimer { constructor(el) { this.el = el this.interval = +(el.dataset.interval ?? 0) || 1e3 document.addEventListener("hz:completed", this) window.app.disconnectWatcher?.(el, this) // <-- borrowed teardown this.update(Date.now()) } disconnectedCallback() { timer.remove(this) document.removeEventListener("hz:completed", this) } // ... } ``` Two things stand out compared to the simple case: 1. **"Connected" is manual.** `_load` is the moment of construction, and the `el._` guard exists because, unlike a web component, nothing stops the same element from being initialized twice. 2. **"Disconnected" is borrowed.** There's no native callback when the element leaves the DOM, so the app provides a `disconnectWatcher` — a single `MutationObserver` on `document.body` that calls `disconnectedCallback()` on registered instances when their node is removed. The timer leans on that to clean up its `setInterval` and its event listener. This is the honest tradeoff: `_action` gives you next to nothing for free, so when you *do* need real component semantics you reassemble them yourself from a load hook, a guard flag, and a shared disconnect watcher. For one timer that's fine. If half your page were stateful widgets, you'd feel the missing lifecycle. ## Comparing the three All three solve the same underlying problem — *attach behavior to HTML without an SPA framework* — but they sit at different points on the simplicity-vs-encapsulation curve. ### Web components Pros: - Real, browser-native lifecycle: `connectedCallback`, `disconnectedCallback`, `attributeChangedCallback`. - Encapsulation, optional Shadow DOM, and a proper custom element registry. - Standard — no library to ship. Cons: - Custom element names must contain a dash, and you generally wrap your semantic HTML in a non-semantic element. - Built-in/customized elements (the `is=` form) aren't supported in Safari, and even there you get only one behavior per element. - You re-learn and re-implement APIs that native elements already give you, and composing several behaviors means nesting several elements. ### HTML Traits Pros: - Composition: `traits="elastic-textarea character-limit"`, multiple, ordered behaviors on **one** element, no wrappers. - Keeps the native element (and its native attributes like `maxlength`), so you learn less and reimplement nothing. - Built for progressive enhancement; mirrors the web-component class API (`constructor(el)`, `disconnectedCallback`) so it's familiar. Cons: - It's still "components": you define a class and register it for every behavior, which is more than some interactions deserve. - A library you ship, and a partial reimplementation of web components — no Shadow DOM, never a true custom element. ### _action Pros: - The smallest of the three (~60 lines, one set of delegated listeners). No per-element registration, no definitions — just name a function on `window.app` and point an attribute at it. - Naturally composable (`_submit="reset clearAutoFocus"`) and form-aware (it falls back to the owning form), which is exactly what MPA-style pages need. - Works with server-morphed HTML out of the box because it's delegated at the document. - Right-sized for the common case, which is "run this function on this event," not "instantiate a stateful component." Cons: - No lifecycle by default. Initialization is a manual `_load` hook (plus a guard flag to avoid double-init), and teardown only exists if you opt into the shared `disconnectWatcher`. - No encapsulation — every handler is a global on `window.app`, so naming is on you. - It's event handlers, not components: for genuinely stateful widgets (the game timer) you end up rebuilding the very lifecycle that traits and web components hand you. ## Which one when? I think of it as a ladder, not a competition: - **`_action`** for the 90% that is "on this event, call this function" — auto-submit, reset, confirm, toggle a class. It's the default reach. - **HTML Traits** when a behavior is genuinely a reusable, stateful enhancement of a native element and you want clean composition without wrappers. - **Web components** when you need true encapsulation, Shadow DOM, or you're shipping a widget for other people's pages to consume. The pattern I keep coming back to is that most "interactivity" on a server-driven page isn't a component at all. `_action` lets me stop pretending it is. --- This was originally posted on [jnyman.com](https://jnyman.com).

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_action: Declarative Event Handlers in an Attribute