Node.js Backend

Verify before implementing: For framework-specific APIs (Express 5, Fastify 5, Node.js 22+ built-ins), look up current, version-matched official docs before writing code. Prefer Context7 (query-docs) when available. Otherwise use available web tools to read the framework's official documentation, or the Node.js API docs for Node.js built-ins. Training data may lag current releases.

Working rules

• Validate request and third-party data before use; keep response serialization and error envelopes explicit.
• Preserve caller-visible contracts and authorization when adding resilience or fallbacks.
• Bound concurrency, set timeouts, and avoid blocking production request paths.
• Verify actual resource identity before parsing or caching a reused client's result.
• Exercise operational telemetry and failure paths, not successful return codes alone.

Architecture

src/
├── routes/          # HTTP: parse request, call service, format response
├── middleware/       # Auth, validation, rate limiting, logging
├── services/        # Business logic (no HTTP types)
├── repositories/    # Data access only (queries, ORM)
├── config/          # Env, DB pool, constants
└── types/           # Shared TypeScript interfaces

• Routes never contain business logic
• Services never import Request/Response
• Repositories never throw HTTP errors
• Dependencies point inward only (Clean Architecture rule): routes -> services -> repositories. Never the reverse.
• For scripts/prototypes: single file is fine; ask "will this grow?"

TypeScript Rules

• Use import type { } for type-only imports; eliminates runtime overhead
• Prefer interface for object shapes (2-5x faster type resolution than intersections)
• Prefer unknown over any; forces explicit narrowing
• Use z.infer<typeof Schema> as single source of truth; never duplicate types and schemas
• Minimize as assertions; use type guards instead
• Add explicit return types to exported functions (faster declaration emit)
• Untyped package? declare module 'pkg' { const v: unknown; export default v; } in types/ambient.d.ts

Discipline

• Simplicity first: every change as simple as possible, impact minimal code
• Only touch what's necessary; avoid introducing unrelated changes
• No hacky workarounds: if a fix feels wrong, step back and implement the clean solution
• Before adding a new abstraction, verify it appears in 3+ places. If not, inline it.
• If a fix requires bypassing TypeScript (as any, non-null assertions on untrusted data, // @ts-ignore), treat it as a design smell and find the typed solution

Verify

• tsc --noEmit passes with zero errors
• npm test passes with zero failures
• No TypeScript bypasses (as any, @ts-ignore) in new code

References

• TypeScript config: tsconfig, ESM, branded types, compiler performance
• Security: JWT, password hashing, rate limiting, OWASP
• API design patterns: pagination, filtering, sorting, deprecation, idempotency-key claim and retention
• Database & production: connection pooling, transactions, Docker, logging

Task-specific references

Read the relevant reference before implementing or reviewing the matching behavior:

• For framework choice, input validation, API contracts, or errors: api-boundaries.md.
• For concurrency, networking, startup, caches, lifecycle cleanup, or telemetry: async-and-production.md.
• For span kinds, HTTP-status-to-span-status rules, sampling placement, metric cardinality, or telemetry data governance: observability-tracing.md.

Existing specialized references, when the corresponding topic applies: