China Weather Data

Query and download China meteorological station data. Supports two data sources:

1. 中国气象数据网 (data.cma.cn) — Official source, requires free registration
2. Open-Meteo (open-meteo.com) — Free global fallback, no key required

Features

• Query by city name, station ID, or lat/lon coordinates
• Download temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, humidity, sunshine
• List meteorological stations by province
• Automatic fallback to Open-Meteo if data.cma.cn is unavailable
• CSV and JSON output

Usage

# Query by city (uses Open-Meteo)
python scripts\china-weather-data.py query --city Beijing --start 2020-01-01 --end 2020-01-31

# Query by coordinates
python scripts\china-weather-data.py query --lat 39.9042 --lon 116.4074 --start 2020-01-01 --end 2020-12-31 --type temperature

# Download to CSV
python scripts\china-weather-data.py download --city Shanghai --start 2020-06-01 --end 2020-08-31 --output shanghai_summer.csv

# List stations
python scripts\china-weather-data.py list-stations --province Guangdong

# Configure API key for data.cma.cn
python scripts\china-weather-data.py configure --key YOUR_API_KEY

Installation

pip install requests>=2.28.0 tqdm
# Or: pip install -r scripts/requirements.txt

Parameters

query / download

Argument	Required	Default	Description
--city	No*	—	City name (e.g., "Beijing")
--station	No*	—	Station ID (data.cma.cn)
--lat	No*	—	Latitude (for Open-Meteo)
--lon	No*	—	Longitude (for Open-Meteo)
--start	Yes	—	Start date (YYYY-MM-DD)
--end	Yes	—	End date (YYYY-MM-DD)
--type	No	all	Data type: temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, humidity, sunshine
--json	No	false	Output as JSON
--output	download only	—	Output file path

list-stations

Argument	Required	Default	Description
--province	No	—	Filter by province name
--json	No	false	Output as JSON

configure

Argument	Required	Default	Description
--key	Yes	—	API key for data.cma.cn

Data Sources

• Primary: 中国气象数据网 — Official China meteorological data
• Fallback: Open-Meteo — Free, no key required
• License: Varies by source

Obtaining data.cma.cn API Key

1. Register at data.cma.cn (free, requires Chinese phone number)
2. Log in → User Center → API Management
3. Apply for API access (usually approved within 1-2 business days)
4. Copy the API key and run: python scripts\china-weather-data.py configure --key YOUR_KEY

Temporal Resolution

Source	Resolution	Description
data.cma.cn	Hourly, Daily, Monthly	Station observations
Open-Meteo	Hourly, Daily	Gridded reanalysis/forecast

Units

Data Type	Unit
Temperature	°C (摄氏度)
Precipitation	mm (毫米)
Wind speed	m/s (米/秒)
Pressure	hPa (百帕)
Humidity	% (相对湿度)
Sunshine	hours (小时)

Temporal Coverage

• data.cma.cn: Varies by station (most from 1951-present)
• Open-Meteo: 1940-present (ERA5 reanalysis), forecast up to 16 days

Automatic Fallback Triggers

The tool automatically falls back to Open-Meteo when:

• No data.cma.cn API key is configured
• data.cma.cn returns HTTP 403/404/500
• data.cma.cn request times out (>30s)
• Requested station ID is not found in data.cma.cn

City Name Matching

• Supports fuzzy matching (e.g., "Beijing" matches "北京")
• Pinyin input accepted (e.g., "beijing" → "北京")
• Chinese characters preferred for accuracy
• County-level cities supported

Example Output

date,temperature,precipitation,wind_speed,pressure,humidity
2020-01-01,2.3,0.0,3.1,1013.2,45
2020-01-02,3.1,0.5,2.8,1012.8,52
2020-01-03,1.8,0.0,4.2,1014.1,40

Citation

data.cma.cn:

@misc{chinameteorological,
  title = {China Meteorological Data Service},
  author = {{China Meteorological Administration}},
  howpublished = {\url{http://data.cma.cn/}},
  note = {Accessed: YYYY-MM-DD}
}

Open-Meteo:

@misc{openmeteo2022,
  title = {Open-Meteo API},
  author = {{Open-Meteo}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {\url{https://open-meteo.com/}},
  note = {Accessed: YYYY-MM-DD}
}

Visualization

• Time series plots: plt.plot(dates, temperature) for temperature trends
• Multi-variable subplots: Use matplotlib subplots for comparing variables
• Heatmaps: Calendar heatmaps with calmap for seasonal patterns
• Wind roses: Use windrose package for wind direction/speed

Troubleshooting

Error	Cause	Solution
ConnectionError	Network issue	Check internet, retry
HTTP 429	Rate limit	Wait 60s, retry
ValueError	Invalid input	Check parameter format
Empty output	No data	Try different parameters
ModuleNotFoundError	Missing dep	Run pip install
HTTP 403	No API key	Configure key or use Open-Meteo fallback
City not found	Name mismatch	Try pinyin or Chinese characters
Timeout	Slow API	Increase timeout or use fallback

---

Advanced Usage

Batch City Query

# Query multiple cities from a list
for city in "北京" "上海" "广州" "成都"; do
  python scripts\china-weather-data.py download     --city "$city" --type temperature     --start 2023-01-01 --end 2023-12-31     --output weather_${city}_2023.csv
  sleep 1
done

CI/CD Integration (GitHub Actions)

# .github/workflows/update-weather.yml
name: Update Weather Data
on:
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 7 * * *'  # Daily at 07:00 Beijing time
jobs:
  download:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
        with:
          python-version: '3.11'
      - run: pip install requests
      - env:
          CMA_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.CMA_API_KEY }}
        run: |
          python scripts\china-weather-data.py download \
            --city 北京 --type temperature \
            --start $(date -d '7 days ago' +%Y-%m-%d) \
            --end $(date +%Y-%m-%d) \
            --output data/beijing_temp.csv

PostgreSQL/PostGIS Import

python scripts\china-weather-data.py download   --city 北京 --type temperature   --start 2023-01-01 --end 2023-12-31   --output weather.csv

psql -d gis_db -c "\COPY weather(city, date, temperature) FROM 'weather.csv' CSV HEADER"

Performance Tips

• Open-Meteo fallback is free but less accurate than CMA stations
• Add sleep 1 between city queries to respect rate limits
• Use --force-openmeteo when CMA API is unavailable

---

中文说明

查询和下载中国气象站数据。支持两个数据源：

1. 中国气象数据网 (data.cma.cn) — 官方数据源，需免费注册
2. Open-Meteo (open-meteo.com) — 免费全球 fallback，无需密钥

功能

• 按城市名、站点 ID 或经纬度查询
• 下载温度、降水、风、气压、湿度、日照数据
• 按省份列出气象站
• data.cma.cn 不可用时自动回退到 Open-Meteo
• CSV 和 JSON 输出

使用方法

# 按城市查询（使用 Open-Meteo）
python scripts\china-weather-data.py query --city Beijing --start 2020-01-01 --end 2020-01-31

# 按坐标查询
python scripts\china-weather-data.py query --lat 39.9042 --lon 116.4074 --start 2020-01-01 --end 2020-12-31 --type temperature

# 下载到 CSV
python scripts\china-weather-data.py download --city Shanghai --start 2020-06-01 --end 2020-08-31 --output shanghai_summer.csv

# 列出站点
python scripts\china-weather-data.py list-stations --province Guangdong

# 配置 data.cma.cn API 密钥
python scripts\china-weather-data.py configure --key YOUR_API_KEY

数据来源

• 主源: 中国气象数据网 — 中国官方气象数据
• 备源: Open-Meteo — 免费，无需密钥
• 许可证: 因数据源而异

获取 data.cma.cn API 密钥

1. 在 data.cma.cn 注册（免费，需要中国手机号）
2. 登录 → 用户中心 → API 管理
3. 申请 API 访问权限（通常 1-2 个工作日批准）
4. 复制 API 密钥并运行: python scripts\china-weather-data.py configure --key YOUR_KEY

时间分辨率

数据源	分辨率	说明
data.cma.cn	逐时、逐日、逐月	站点观测
Open-Meteo	逐时、逐日	格点再分析/预报

单位

数据类型	单位
温度	°C（摄氏度）
降水	mm（毫米）
风速	m/s（米/秒）
气压	hPa（百帕）
湿度	%（相对湿度）
日照	hours（小时）

时间覆盖范围

• data.cma.cn: 因站点而异（大多数从 1951 年至今）
• Open-Meteo: 1940 年至今（ERA5 再分析），预报最长 16 天

自动回退触发条件

以下情况自动回退到 Open-Meteo:

• 未配置 data.cma.cn API 密钥
• data.cma.cn 返回 HTTP 403/404/500
• data.cma.cn 请求超时（>30秒）
• 在 data.cma.cn 中找不到请求的站点 ID

城市名称匹配

• 支持模糊匹配（如 "Beijing" 匹配 "北京"）
• 接受拼音输入（如 "beijing" → "北京"）
• 建议使用中文字符以获得最佳精度
• 支持县级市

输出示例

date,temperature,precipitation,wind_speed,pressure,humidity
2020-01-01,2.3,0.0,3.1,1013.2,45
2020-01-02,3.1,0.5,2.8,1012.8,52
2020-01-03,1.8,0.0,4.2,1014.1,40

引用格式

data.cma.cn:

@misc{chinameteorological,
  title = {China Meteorological Data Service},
  author = {{China Meteorological Administration}},
  howpublished = {\url{http://data.cma.cn/}},
  note = {Accessed: YYYY-MM-DD}
}

Open-Meteo:

@misc{openmeteo2022,
  title = {Open-Meteo API},
  author = {{Open-Meteo}},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {\url{https://open-meteo.com/}},
  note = {Accessed: YYYY-MM-DD}
}

可视化

• 时间序列图: plt.plot(dates, temperature) 绘制温度趋势
• 多变量子图: 使用 matplotlib subplots 比较不同变量
• 热力图: 使用 calmap 创建日历热力图显示季节模式
• 风玫瑰图: 使用 windrose 包绘制风向/风速

故障排除

错误	原因	解决方案
ConnectionError	网络问题	检查网络，重试
HTTP 429	速率限制	等待 60 秒后重试
ValueError	无效输入	检查参数格式
空输出	无数据	尝试不同参数
ModuleNotFoundError	缺少依赖	运行 pip install
HTTP 403	无 API 密钥	配置密钥或使用 Open-Meteo 回退
城市未找到	名称不匹配	尝试拼音或中文字符
超时	API 响应慢	增加超时时间或使用回退